Background: Over the last decade, Ethiopia has made impressive national improvements in health outcomes, including reductions in maternal, neonatal, infant, and child mortality attributed in large part to their Health EXTENSION Program (HEP). As this program continues to evolve and improve, understanding the unit cost of health EXTENSION WORKER (HEW) services is fundamental to planning for future growth and ensuring adequate financial support to deliver effective primary care throughout the country.Methods: We sought to examine and report the data needed to generate a HEW fee schedule that would allow for full cost recovery for HEW services. Using HEW activity data and estimates from national studies and local systems we were able to estimate salary costs and the average time spent by an HEW per patient/community encounter for each type of services associated with specific users. Using this information, we created separate fee schedules for activities in urban and rural settings with two estimates of non-salary multipliers to calculate the total cost for HEW services.Results: In the urban areas, the HEW fees for full cost recovery of the provision of services (including salary, supplies, and overhead costs) ranged from 55.1 birr to 209.1 birr per encounter. The rural HEW fees ranged from 19.6 birr to 219.4 birr.Conclusion: Efforts to support health system strengthening in low-income settings have often neglected to generate adequate, actionable data on the costs of primary care services. In this study, we have combined time-motion and available financial data to generate a fee schedule that allows for full cost recovery of the provision of services through billable health education and service encounters provided by Ethiopian HEWs. This may be useful in other country settings where managers seek to make evidence-informed planning and resource allocation decisions to address high burden of disease within the context of weak administrative data systems and severe financial constraints.

Background and Objective: The main subject of this research is the Analysis of environmental inhibitors of EXTENSION WORKER for activity in production areas of the new system of agricultural EXTENSION in the organization of agricultural jihad in Kermanshah province. Material and Methodology: This research was conducted in the form of a qualitative approach, using the Ground Theory method and in the year 2020-2021. The studied population consisted of 16 managers of Dehistan Agricultural Jihad Centers and 32 experts of the production areas of Kermanshah Agricultural Jihad Organization, who were selected using the method of successive targeted sampling of the snowball type. Data collection was done using semi-structured individual interview technique, focused group, field observation and note-taking, and in order to validate the research findings, data collection in the study community was also done from the diversity methods. variety, maximum diversity was used in the selection of samples and control by members. Findings: The results showed factors such as the weaknesses of human resources working in the agricultural EXTENSION sector, lack of infrastructure and lack of environmental educational facilities, executive, structural and administrative problems and limitations, lack of evaluation of environmental educational programs, cultural and communication factors, and problems and limitations related to the environmental research sector, has caused the EXTENSION WORKER to not have the necessary skills, and to improve the skill conditions of the EXTENSION WORKER and the development of the region, strategies such as strengthening communication and EXTENSION skills, EXTENSION planning, monitoring and evaluation, management, empowerment and knowledge enhancement have been presented. Discussion and Conclusion: Since environmental problems have been created by humans, the most effective solution to solve these challenges is to improve the knowledge and awareness of agricultural sector users, to promote public culture and to establish appropriate laws, and to achieve this goal., it requires the development of the training of executives and experts responsible for production areas and improving their role, skills and increasing their general environmental knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an EXTENSION agent's perception with respect to effectiveness of mass teaching methods employed in educational activities of irrigated wheat growing farmers in Golestan Province. Survey and correlational methods were employed in the study. Questionnaire was used as means to collect data.The study population consisted of the whole EXTENSION WORKERs who had participated in the educational activities of irrigated wheat growers in Golestan Province. Trough census sampling method, 91 EXTENSION WORKERs were selected. The data resulted was analyzed using SPSS. Establishment of validity was done by obtaining the view points of faculty members of the Department of EXTENSION and Education in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources as well as the view points of agricultural EXTENSION specialists from Jihad of Agriculture Organization in Golestan Province. Reliability test was carried out through a pilot test outside the research sample. Cordnbach's Alpha for questions of EXTENSION WORKER frequency use from group teaching methods and effectiveness of group teaching methods determined as 0.87 and 0.82, respectively. The findings of the study revealed that there exists a significant correlation between the rate of using such educational methods as slide and film (95%) and use of such educational methods as communique, leaflet, poster, exhibition, predicate blackboard and pictures (99%); and an EXTENSION agent's perception of the effectiveness of mass teaching methods. This study suggests a paying of attention to EXTENSION WORKER's education on mass teaching methods for more efficient educational activities as regards irrigated wheat growing farmers.

BACKGROUND: Causing site direct mutation can be one of the efficient methods to evaluate the characteristics and properties of various genes. Brucellosis is the most common zoonotic infectious disease that would cause great economic losses. Thus, recognition of pathogenic and immunogenic factors in the genus Brucella can lead to control this health problem.OBJECTIVES: Considering the importance of site direct mutation in identification of genome structure and numerous ways to achieve this goal, Overlap EXTENSION PCR is introduced as an improved technique for the removal and replacement of the gene target.METHODS: For this study, with two-step PCR using specific primers, upstream and downstream fragments from target gene and antibiotic resistance cassette from plasmid pET28a (+), were reproduced and were connected to each other. The resulting fragment was cloned in specific position of pBluescriptIISK(-) plasmid by the restriction enzymes. Then, the construction was transferred into the genome of Brucella abortus by electroporation method.RESULTS: Fusion PCR product was obtained without any change in the nucleotide sequence and then it was cloned into pBluescriptIISK (-) plasmid, finally the construction was replaced and the target gene was deleted.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that the Overlap EXTENSION PCR is an optimized and modified technique to create mutations in the bacterial genome structure and can easily be used in the family Brucella.

The purpose of this study was to compare the technique of taking cephalometric radiographs in Natural Head Position (NHP) with slightly changing of the head in the direction of flexion and EXTENSION (In the amount of 5 degrees.) 40 Cephalometric head films of 20 cases, all of whom were dental students, were utilized in this study.The cephalograms were divided into two groups. At first lateral cephalometric radiographs in NHP were taken from all of the cases, then another radiograph was taken in extended head position (the head changed 5 degrees upward from NHP position) from cases of group one, and in flexion head position (the head changed 5 degrees downward from NHP position) from cases of the second group. In this study 24 landmarks and 36 variable were evaluated.All radiographs were twice and data captured with a digitizer and computer. Evaluation of the results, which are shown in table I, revealed that 9 of the variable among 36 showed significant differences compared to NHP position, and two of the variable was common between the two groups. However, 27 of the measurments didn't show any significant differences. Considering the fact that one fourth of the landmark measurments which were evaluated in this study showed significant differences during slight EXTENSION or flexion of head, taking of lateral cephalometric headfilms in NHP is recommended specially when they are to be used in serial studies or ar taken for research purpose.However, because other 27 measurment (which comprise three fourth of all the measurments) showed no significant changes, we concluded that lateral cephlograms which are not taken in NHP may be used for diagnostic and treatment planning purpose.